Well, plain HTML is hard to beat in terms of the speed because it's served just like any static file and in combination with nginx and CDN it can be really fast.
BUT it lacks flexibility, so there must be some kind of trade-off. Everything that is powered with PHP will have some kind of processing and it will be slower than the plain HTML for sure but the key here is to optimize the PHP using various caching methods to speed the things up. It won't be faster than plain HTML but the key here is to have a relatively fast loading page (that loads if possible less than 250ms).
The amount of available tools to cache things today is big: from built-in php opcache, to varios CMS based file caching, redis, memcached to varnish. What you will use depends on what's the bottle neck of the application.
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